maternal mortality

‘1 woman dies every 7 minutes due to childbirth complications’

Kounteya Sinha | TNN

New Delhi: Avoidable complications during child birth are killing 78,000 women in India every year. This means on an average, one woman dies from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth every seven minutes.
On the other hand, one million children born in India are dying every year even before they become 28 days old. A child born in India is 14 times more likely to die during the first 28 days than one born in the US or UK. These are some of the shocking findings of UNICEF’s ‘State of the World’s Children 2009’ report released on Thursday.
According to the report, an Indian woman is 300 times more likely to die in childbirth or from pregnancy-related complications than women in America or England. For every mother who dies, 20 others suffer pregnancy-related illness. Around 10 million women annually experience such adverse outcomes. Despite an increase in institutional deliveries, 60% of pregnant women still deliver their babies at home.
In India, more than two thirds of all maternal deaths occur in a handful of states — UP, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, MP, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan and Assam. In UP, one in every 42 women faces risk of maternal death, compared to 1 in 500 women in Kerala.
BIRTH
PANGS
MATERNAL MORTALITY FIGURES
Every seven minutes, one woman dies during pregnancy or childbirth
In 2001-2003, 78 000 women died annually during childbirth
For every mother who dies, around 20 others suffer pregnancy related illness
In Uttar Pradesh, one in every 42 women has a lifetime risk of maternal death compared with 1 in 500 in Kerala
The average lifetime risk of an Indian woman dying from pregnancy related complications is 300 times more than her American or British counterpart
NEONATAL MORTALITY FIGURES
1 million children die in India annually before they become 29 days-old
A child born in India is 14 times more likely to die during the first 28 days of life than one born in US or UK
In India, the states with the top five neonatal mortality rates are:
Orissa ( 52 deaths per 1,000 live births), Madhya Pradesh ( 51 ), UttarPradesh ( 46 ), Rajasthan ( 45 ), and Chhattisgarh ( 43 ) (2006)
A quarter of the world's unattended deliveries take place in India
source- TIMES OF INDIA

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what are stem cells?

Without stem cells, wounds would never heal, your skin and blood could not continually renew themselves, fertilized eggs would not grow into babies, and babies would not grow into adults. Stem cells are quite unlike the specialized, or differentiated, cells in your body — such as the nerve cells, muscle cells and blood cells that enable you to function. In contrast, they are the body's silent reserves. At any given moment, many of the stem cells in your body won't be doing very much. They will only spring into action when you need either to produce more stem cells or make more of other, specialized types of cells. And they're not just found in people. All multicellular organisms, from plants to humans, need stem cells.

Usually, when a stem cell divides into two, one daughter cell goes on to make a more specialized type of cell, or even gives rise to several different cell types. The other daughter cell remains a stem cell, ready to produce more stem cells when they are needed. Only stem cells have this versatility, although some fully specialized cells, such as liver cells, can divide to give more cells exactly like themselves.

A fertilized egg is the ultimate stem cell, as it is the source of every type of cell in the body, from oxygen-carrying red blood cells to electricity-conducting nerve cells and throbbing heart muscle cells. But of course this doesn't happen all at once. As the fertilized egg divides to make an embryo, cells become specialized gradually.

Within three to six days after a human egg is fertilized, it has grown into a ball of a few hundred cells called a blastocyst. Within this ball lie a small number of cells that will go on to develop into the embryo. Scientists have learned to extract these stem cells from a thickening in the blastocyst called the inner cell mass and to grow them in the laboratory. These are known as embryonic stem cells or ES cells, and they have the potential to produce all the cell types in the human body. When a blastocyst implants in a woman's uterus, the cells of the inner cell mass will keep on dividing and differentiating into the earliest types of embryonic cells. Human ES cells in culture are not created from eggs that have been fertilized inside a woman's body. They come from the inner cell masses of 'spare' blastocysts that have been created in the laboratory as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programmes.

Less than three weeks after a human egg has been fertilized, these most flexible of stem cells have disappeared and embryonic cells become gradually more restricted in their potential. Instead of dividing to make one more specialized daughter cell and a back-up all-purpose stem cell, later embryonic cells are more likely to make two types of more differentiated cells when they divide. At this stage, the embryo's cells have 'committed' to become one of three general types of tissue that each has distinct types of stem cells. Many of these persist into adult life. As embryonic development continues, cells become even more specialized, forming recognizable tissues such as heart, muscle and blood.

In adults, dozens of stem-cell types have been described; more remain to be discovered. These stem cells are called tissue-specific as they will normally only replace one particular tissue. They are also sometimes called adult stem cells. The best understood are the stem cells that grow new blood cells, those that renew the skin, those that renew the gut lining, and those that can grow new skeletal muscles. Stem cells in the bone marrow make blood cells and have been used therapeutically for years. These are the cells that make it possible for a bone marrow transplant to renew a person's complete blood system.

Scientists across the world are trying to figure out exactly what these stem cells are capable of becoming in the lab and in the body; right now, however, tissue-specific stem cells appear to be specialists, quite good at making a few types of cells. Stem cells found in bone marrow naturally make new red blood cells and new white blood cells, for instance, but not new brain cells, at least, not robustly. Stem cells occurring in the brain make new neurons plus the cells that support them, but they don't seem to make muscle cells.

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major type of stem cells!

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a rare surgery!

The man who clinically died for 30 minutes, but lived on

Madhavi Rajadhyaksha | TNN

Mumbai: Having every drop of blood sucked out of one’s body might sound like sci-fi. But that is what happened to Portugal resident and retired judge Antonio Soaias (77) who was rendered clinically dead for 30 minutes as he underwent complex surgery at Bombay Hospital. Soaias was holidaying in Goa but the trip was cut short when he developed an excruciating pain in his legs. His relatives took him to a Panjim hospital where scans indicated cancer of the kidney. It was only when doctors opened him up to operate on December 23 that they found a tumour stretching from his right kidney and eating into 30% of his heart. By a stroke of luck, the Goa doctor recalled similar surgery done in Bombay Hospital 15 years ago. The judge was rushed there. His blood was ‘‘cooled’’ from 37° Celsius to 17 by passing it through a heart-lung machine and removed from his body. ‘‘At that point, he is ‘clinically dead’— nothing works, not the heart, lungs or brain. A person can survive without oxygen for 45 minutes, and this surgery took 30 minutes,’’ said his surgeon Anand Somaya. The procedure, called deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest, lasted eight hours. Somaya said Soaias’s condition was among the ‘‘rarest of rare’’. Somaya’s team, which included cancer surgeon J N Kulkarni and anaesthetist Pradnya Kulkarni, then removed the tumour . It measured 17cm. Once done, it took two hours to warm the blood to 37.4 °degrees Celsius and re-start Soaias’ circulatory system. The cancer, he said, had spread from the right kidney, entered the inferior venacava and travelled through the liver into the right atrium.

SOURCE- TIMES OF INDIA, JANUARY 11,2009

now, when you have read the above newspaper article (i thought it was good enough to share with you), you must be able to relate your thoughts with the concept applied here- CLINICAL DEATH!

do you have any idea about clinical death? if yes, do comment below! if no, go for further reading of notes- they explain it all- notes on clinical death

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here is your a/r solution 10

here is your a/r test 11

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related:
what are stem cells?
how a fertilized egg develops?

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